Relationship Plasma Concentration of Zonulin with Severity Level of Autism Based on Criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 (Dsm-5)
Abstract
Background: This study was aimed to prove whether there is relationship between plasma concentration of zonulin and severity level of autism based on criteria of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5 (DSM-5). In Indonesia, this kind of research has never been done, considering the incidence of autism is also increasing. Methods: The participants of this research were 38 autistic (level 1=17, level 2=12 and level 3= 9) and 35 control children. The blood plasma of all participants was taken to determine the plasma concentration of zonulin. The observation sheet was based on the DSM-5 as an instrument to determine the diagnosis of autistic children. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Anova test. Results: There was a significant difference plasma concentration of zonulin between autism and control (p = 0.002) with 32 ± 18 vs 47 ± 22.5, respectively. There was slightly different between plasma concentration of zonulin and severity level of autisme (p=0.239) with 32±19, 27±18, 40±15, respectively. Cut-off point 8 ng/mL (Sensitivity 97.4%, Spesificity 2.9%). Conclusion: This finding can be concluded that plasma concentrations  of zonulin were slightly related with severity, and the highest is at level 3.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Grzadzinski R, Huerta M, Lord C. DSM-5 and autism spectrum
disorders (ASDs): an opportunity for identifying ASD subtypes.
Molecular Autism. 2013; 4(12):1-6.
C J, McPartland, Reichow B, Fred R. Volkmar MD. Sensitivity
and specificity of proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism
spectrum disorder Running Head: DSM-5 ASD. J Am Acad Child
Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012; 51(4): 368–383.
Angelis MD, Francavilla R, Piccolo M, Giacomo AD, Gobbetti M.
Autism spectrum disorders and intestinal microbiota. Gut
Microbes. 2015; 6(3): 207--213.
Judarwanto W. Pencegahan Autism (online),
(htpp://dietbehaviour.blogspot.com.pencegahan-utism.html.mht).
Accessed 15 Dec 2015.
Jalal F. Parenting education. In the framework of National
Children's Day, at Auditorium BKKBN Jakarta Timur. 2013.
Chaidez V, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I. Gastrointestinal
problems in children with autism, developmental delays or
typical development. J Autism Dev Disord. 2014; 44: 1117–1127.
Gorrindo P, Williams KC, Lee EB, Walker LS, McGrew SG, Levitt
P. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism: parental report, clinical
evaluation, and associated factors. Autism Res. 2012; 5: 101-
Fulceri F, Morelli M, Santocchia E, Cenab H, Biancod TD,
Narzisia A, et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and behavioral
problems in preschoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Digestive and Liver Disease. 2016; 48 (248–254).
Mazurek MO, Kanne SM, Wodka EL. Physical aggression in
children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2013; (7): 455–465.
Greenlee JL, Mosley AS, Shui AM, Veenstra-VanderWeele J,
Gotham KO. Medical and Behavioral Correlates of Depression
History in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum
Disorder. Pediatrics. 2016; 137: S105-S114.
Banati M, Csecsei P, Koszegi E, Nielsen H, Suto G, Bors L, et
al. Antibody response against gastrointestinal antigens in
demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. Eur J
Neurol 2013;20: 1492-95.
Severance E, Gressitt K, Stallings C, Origoni A, Khushalani S,
Leweke F, et al. Discordant patterns of bacterial translocation
markers and implications for innate immune imbalances in
schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2013;148:130-37
Fiorentino M, Sapone A, Senger S, Camhi S, Kadzielski S,
Buie T. Blood-brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier
alterations in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism. 2016; 7:
Alessio Fasano MD. Zonulin, regulation of tight junctions, and
autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012; 1258(1): 25–
Esnafoglu E, Cırrık S, Ayyıldız SN, Erdil A, Ertürk EY, Daglı A,
et al. Increased Serum Zonulin Levels as an Intestinal
Permeability Marker in Autistic Subjects. J Pediatr. 2017;
:240-4.
Carpenter L. DSM-5 Autism Spectrum Disorder, Associate
Professor of Pediatrics Medical University of South Carolina.
Lindgren S, Doobay A. Evidence-Based Interventions for
Autism Spectrum Disorders. Iowa Department of Human
Services by the Center for Disabilities and Development of the
University of Iowa Children’s Hospital. 2011.
APA. Autism spectrum disorder Dalam: Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders. Edisi ke-5.Washington
DC: American Psychiatric Association publishing. 2013; 5-9.
WHO. WHO Reference for Child and Adolescent. WHO,
Geneva. 2007.
Nag HE, Nordgren A, Anderlid B-M, Nærland T. Reversed
gender ratio of autism spectrum disorder in Smith-Magenis
syndrome. Molecular Autism. 2018; 9:1(1-9).
Margari L, Palumbi R, Peschechera A, Craig F, de Giambattista
C, Ventura P, et al. Sex-Gender Comparisons in Comorbidities
of Children and Adolescents With High-Functioning Autism
Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2019;10(159).
Lai M-C, Lombardo MV, Auyeung B, Chakrabarti B, Baron-
Cohen S. Sex/Gender Differences and Autism: Setting the
Scene for Future Research. J Am Acad Child Adolesc
Psychiatry. 2015; 54(1): 11–24.
Daniels AM, Mandell DS. Explaining differences in age at
autism spectrum disorder diagnosis: A critical review. Autism.
18(5): 583-597.
Ohlsson B, Orho-Melander M, Nilsson PM. Higher Levels of
Serum Zonulin May Rather Be Associated with Increased Risk
of Obesity and Hyperlipidemia, Than with Gastrointestinal
Symptoms or Disease Manifestations. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18:
Demir E, Ozkan H, Seckin KD, Sahtiyancı B, Demir B, Tabak O,
et al. Plasma Zonulin Levels as a Non-Invasive Biomarker of
Intestinal Permeability in Women with Gestational Diabetes
Mellitus in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
Biomolecules. 2019; 9: 24.
Alessio Fasano MD. Intestinal Permeability and its Regulation
by Zonulin: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications. Clin
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012; 10(10): 1096–1100.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
